Gerund

Syarat utama sebuah kalimat ialah terdapatnya 1 subjek dan 1 predikat, ditambah 1 objek, jika predikatnya adlah kata kerja intransitif. Di luar subjek, predikat, dan objek hanya berupa keterangan.

Quinne likes apples very much

    s        p       o           adv.

Subjek dan objek kalimat di atas berbentuk kata benda (noun). Bagaimana jika subjek atau objek kalimat tersebut berbentuk kata kerja?

1. Jika verb sebagai subjek kalimat, maka verb tersebut harus dibedakan, dengan mengubahnya menjadi bentuk V-ing, karena subjek harus kata benda. Verb-ing yang demikian disebut gerund.
1. Smoking will ruin your health.
2. Reading newspaper becomes my daily habits.
2. Jika verb sebagai objek kalimat, maka verb tersebut harus dibendakan (di-noun-kan) karena objek tersebut harus dalam bentuk kata benda (noun). Kata kerja yang sering diikuti gerund sebagai objek adalah: enjoy, love, feel, like, stop, postpone, quit, finish, avoid, delay, keep, start, condiser, mind, discuss, dsb. Contoh:
1. I enjoy reading newspaper in the morning.
2. Listen to me, "Just stop complaining!"
3. Saphira and Bella hope to delay visiting the temple.
3. Demikian juga setelah kata depan (preposition) kata tersebut harus diubah menjadi bentuk verb-ing (gerund). Preposition yang dimaksud adalah in, on, about, while, before, after, up, to, of, off, for, besides, by. Contoh:
1. Floritta is interested in getting a job in foreign company.
2. Sophia and Sonia are talking about getting a good job in hotel.
4. Kata kerja Go + Verb-ing (gerund); khusus kata kerja go dapat ditambahkan kata kerja verb-ing, akan tetapi hanya terbatas pada phrase berikut.
1. Rezha and Onshine want to go shopping this afternoon.
2. The students plan to go camping to Lawu mountain.
5. To yang diaplikasikan sebagai preposition + Verb-ing (gerund). Contoh:
1. Crawford is used to going to bed late at night. [terbiasa sekarang]
2. Diva looks forward to receiving a birthday party present from me. [berharap]
6. Setelah possessive pronoun (my, her, his, our, their, your) atau ('s) yang menunjukkan milik, kata kerja tersebut harus ditambah 'ing'. Contoh:
1. Febby gave me a special gift. Then, her boyfriend was jealous.

                                       → her giving me a special gift made her boyfriend jealous.

2. Cesse wants me to enjoy her making fried rice.

7. Verb-ing yang dikombinasikan dengan kata benda (Verb-ing + noun) yang menunjukkan manfaat, kegunaan, atau fungsi. Contoh:
1. Is there a washing machine in your house? [mesin untuk mencuci]
2. Copying machines are very expensive now. [mesin untuk memfotokopi]

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Past Perfect Tense

• I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I visited Gragah Beach.
• Mr. and Mrs. Pitt had never ridden a pony cart like this before yesterday.

Pattern:

S + had + (adverb) + V3 + O,V + (adverb), Past tense (S + V2)

or

Past tense (S + V2), S + had + (adverb) + V3 + O,V + (adverb)

Means: Those sentences express ideas that something occured before another action in the past.

examples:

1. Yino got flu because he had eaten too much ice cream in the party.
2. Johny didn't know where Malioboro is because he had never been in Yogyakarta.

Past perfect also shows that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

example: Uncle Rudi had lived that house for ten years before he renovated it.

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Present Perfect Tense

A: Have you studied for the best?
B: Yes, I have. Even I have done all this weeks homework.
A: Good job!

The bold-typed sentences in the dialogue above use 'The Present Perfect Tense'. When you use the present perfect tense, there is a connection with the dialogue above, the boy doesn't need to study for the best and do all his home work for a week now because he has done all of them.

Patterns:

1. Positive Sentences (+)
S + have/has + (adverb*) + past participle + (O) + (adverb*)
2. Negative Sentences (-)
S + have/has + not + past participle + (O) + (adverb*)
3. Interrogative Sentences (?)
Have/Has + S + past participle + (O) + (adverb*) + ?

Info:

* a sentence using the present tense usually has only one adverb in time, either in the middle or ant the end of sentences.

You use the present perfect tense:

1. to express the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now the exact time it happened is not important.
examples:
1. I have seen the film already.
2. I have never drunk tea with milk.
If there's a specific mention of, time the simple past is used.
examples:
1. I saw the film yesterday.
2. I didn't drink the tea milk last night.
2. to express the repetition of an activity before now the exact time of each repetition is not important.
examples:
1. I have visited my uncle in USA twice.
2. Surya has made a cake two days ago.

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To Infinitive

1. Jika Anda menempatkan kata kerja sebagai subjek kalimat, kata kerja tersebut harus berbentuk verb-ing (gerund). Namun, verb-ing (gerund) tersebut dapat diganti dengan To verb.
1. Giving the money to parents has become our responsibility.
   -> To give the money to parents has become our responsibility.
2. Studying harder will make you cleverer.
   -> To study harder will make you cleverer.
2. Pada dasarnya, kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai predikat, apabila diikuti kata kerja lain, maka kata kerja lain tersebut harus berbentuk To verb.
1. Oshine wants her boyfriend to enjoy her cakes.
2. They promote their products to get a lot of consumers.
3. Kata kerja tertentu yang biasa diikuti verb-ing (gerund) dapat juga diikuti To verb, bermakna sedang akan dikerjakan dan bukan merupakan kenyataan atau kebiasaan.
1. Linda will start working tomorrow morning.
   -> Linda will start to work tomorrow morning.
2. Yetti loves to dance with her boyfriend in the party next day.
4. Kata kerja berikut dapat diikuti gerund dan to invinitive dengan sedikit perbedaan arti. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
1. Saphira remembers to lock the door before she goes to bed.
   menunjukkan kebiasaan tanggung jawab atau tugas
2. Saphira remembers locking the door before she went to bed yesterday.
   menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sudah dilakukan

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